Network Design Project

Situation in which the Project Exists: This project is for a residential data communication network. The proposed network is designed to connect 2 workstations and 1 printer. It will provide internet access as well as multiple email addresses. The client has approved an initial investment of $5,000 to implement the networking project. The two workstations will be two HP Pavilion Laptops with AMD Turion II Dual Core Mobile processor, each for $529. 99. The printer will be a PIXMA Wireless multifunction printer/copier/scanner for $99. The client desires to have a mobile network with the ability to work virtually anywhere in the house. The laptops both come with internal wireless adapters, 500gbytes of hard drive space, and they feature 2 processing cores with 2. 2GHz processor speed per core. For multitasking power the laptops come with 4GB DDR2 DIMM memory, expandable to 8GB. The wireless printer prints up to 26ppm in black, and up to 17 ppm in color. It also prints, copies and scans for convenience. The printer also has built-in memory card slots that support various card capacities and sizes. The network will be designed to accommodate the client’s mobility needs and business/operational objectives. We have decided to implement a wireless LAN Architecture to provide the customer with maximum mobility. We have decided to use the Verizon FiOs Network which comes with a wireless router, and downloads up to 50 Mbps and uploads up to 20 Mbps for $139. 95 per month. All Verizon High Speed Internet packages include one account with eight additional sub-accounts, totaling nine accounts. A wireless router is a wireless access point with several other useful functions added. The router converts the signals coming across the Internet connection into a wireless broadcast, and steers data in an intelligent way, eliminating a lot of the sluggishness found in typical peer-to-peer networks. (Networks that don’t have servers are peer-to-peer networks because each computer has equal ranking) Like wired broadband routers, wireless routers also support Internet connection sharing and include firewall technology for improved network security. A key benefit of both wireless routers is scalability. Their strong built-in transceivers are designed to spread a wireless signal throughout the home. A general rule of thumb in home networking says that 802. 11b and 802. 11g WAPs and routers support a range of up to 300 feet, but obstructions in a home such as brick walls and metal frames can reduce the range of a Wi-Fi LAN by 25% or more. The router will be placed in an optimal location away from microwave ovens, 2. 4 GHz cordless phones and garage door openers which can all cause signal interference. In densely populated areas, wireless signals from neighboring homes can sometimes cause signal interference. This happens when both households set conflicting communication channels. When configuring an 802. 11b or 802. 11g router, you can change the channel number used. The default administrator password and username for the router will be immediately changed. All Wi-Fi equipment supports some form of encryption, and we will be using the128-bit WEP Encryption by assigning a WEP passkey. The passkey should be unique and long. For extra security we will be changing the default SSID or network name, which identifies the network. This should also be unique. Most wireless network routers contain the ability to filter devices based on their MAC address. By enabling MAC Address Filtering, this will allow the router to keep track of the MAC addresses of all devices that connect to it, and only allow connections from those devices. The MAC address is a unique identifier for networking hardware such as wireless network adapters. The SSID broadcast feature will be disabled as well. Many wireless routers routinely transmit the WiFi network name (SSID) into open air. This roaming feature is unnecessary as it increases the likelihood someone will try to log in to the network. The two laptops and the wireless printer will all be assigned a static IP address. DHCP will be turned off from the router to prevent network attackers from easily obtaining a valid IP address from the network. The Verizon network router comes with a built-in firewall capacity. Firewall programs can be very effective at keeping intruders out of the network and out of your computer. We will ensure that the router’s firewall is turned on, and for extra protection we will install and run personal firewall software on each computer connected to the router. Next the printer software will be installed on each computer and connectivity will be ensured. Implementation is complete once all nodes are connected to the router and functioning correctly. References http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelesssecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wirelessproducts/a/howtobuildwlan.htm https://www.lifewire.com/home-network-diagrams-4064053

Optical Fiber and Light Emitting Diode Essay

Also it has a much higher frequency than electricity. So to make our communication more faster we invented a new guided transmission cable, the fiber-optic cable. The fiber optic communication system includes an optical transmitter which converts an electrical signal into an optical signal and sends it into the optical fiber. The information transmitted through optical fiber is typically digital information. It transmits signals in the form of light. Composition: 1 . Outer Jacket: made up of PVC or Teflon. 2. Kevlar strands inside the Jacket: to strengthen cable (also used in bulletproof ests). 3. Plastic coating below Kevlar: for protecting or cushioning fiber. 4. Fiber at the centre: consists of glass or plastic core surrounded by glass cladding which has a low refractive index (less density than core). Fiber-optic Cable connecters: 1 . SC (Subscriber channel connector): used for cable TV. Uses a push/pull locking system. 2. ST (Straight tip connector): It is used for connecting cable to networking devices. Uses a bayonet locking system. 3. MT-RJ: same size as RJ45. Light sources: The light source used in the fiber is light emitting diode. The light is detected by a hoto detector such as a phototransistor. The two light sources that are widely used in fiber optics are LED (Light Emitting Diode) and ILD (Injection Laser Diode). LED is preferred for short distances and ILD for longer distances. Drawback of LED: The light provided by LED is unfocussed which hits the core boundaries and gets diffused. Conditions for reflection: 1 . The inner glass core should have a higher refractive index then the refractive index of the surrounding glass cladding. Means the glass cladding should be less dense it will help the light ray to be reflected of the cladding instead of being efracted into it. . The angle of incidence of the light ray entering in the fiber-optic cable must be greater than the critical angle. The incident light ray will be reflected inside the glass core. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle the light ray will be refracted that is it will enter the glass cladding and gets lost. Data transmission: The transmitter converts into light source and the receiver (pho todiode) translates the light back into data bits. Modes of propagation: Mode: The number of paths followed by light rays inside the fiber-optic cable. There are two types of modes: 1 . Single mode: light takes a single path through the core. 2. Multimode: light follows more than one paths through the core. 1. Single mode fiber: manufactured with small diameter. Lower density (less refractive index). Decrease in density results in a critical angle that is closer to 90 degrees and allows the light rays to travel almost horizontally. All light beams arrive at the destination together. Less distortion of light rays. 2. Multimode fiber: 2. 1 . Multimode step-index fiber: Density of core remains same from center to edges. The beam of light moves at a straight line until it reaches the boundary (interface) of the core and cladding. The refractive index (low density) changes abruptly. More distortion of light rays. 2. 2. Multimode graded-index fiber: Decreases the distortion induced in step-index. Density varies. It is highest at center of core and is lowest at the edge by decreasing gradually. The light rays do not travel horizontally due to changing refractive index. Advantages: Transmission distance is greater. Uses less repeaters than other cables (can run up to 50km before requiring egeneration of signal). Has a wide bandwidth hence higher data rates. High noise immunity (electromagnetic noise cannot affect the cable). Resistant to corrosive materials (made up of glass which is more resistant to corrosive materials). Much lighter than copper cables. Disadvantages: Cable is very expensive. Installation and maintenance requires expertise and is also costly. If broken very difficult to fix. Light propagation is unidirectional. Two fibers are needed for bidirectional communication. Losses due to absorption, dispersion and scattering. How to fix the cable if it is broken?

Global Warming: Fact or Fantasy? Essay

While there is a growing concern over the doomsday and gloom events that the earth will likely suffer if people will continue harassing the environment, a big inquiry within the issue on global warming bomdards people everyday: is global warming fact of fantasy? Environmentalists, politicians and concerned citizens are getting involved in the so-called great divide over how real the threat of global warming is or how scary will it be for the people who are caught believing in politicking through science. The scarcity on the supply of potable water and the warming of the oceans, seas and the earth’s surface are all well documented inciting a compelling evidence indicating that global warming may not be the impending doomsday that many scientists forecast. The divided arguments over the reality of global warming is said to be heightened by by commercial and political interests infiltrating the global initiative to curb the devastating effect of global warming. On the other hand, several concerned scientists believe on the promise of the precautionary measures mobilized by governments across the globe in the pursuit of delayinng or even getting rid of the future threats of damage caused by global warming. While there is still no consensus on the vital controversy, this paper takes a stand by suggesting that there is a clear over-manipulation on the issue and instead of exposing to people the real scenario and the real solution to the problem of global warming, there is a great deal of populist pressure overshadowing the advocacy. The aim of this paper is to explore the controversies behind global warming that confuse people across the globe. The Earth is Indeed Getting Warmer According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the earth is really getting warmer and that globally averaged surfac temperatures have increased by 1. 1? over the 20th century (Tennesen 4). Under the jurisdiction of the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environmental Program, the institution has estimated that by year 2100, the earth will be 2. 5 to 10. 4? warmer than the present (Tennesen 4). It is said that the human civilization has been causing disturbances to nature by way of abusive of carbon and hydrogen which are considered as the building blocks of nature (J. Tickell and K. Tickell 16). Many scientists and environmentalists believe that greenhouse effect initiates global warming. Greenhouse effect is the ability to of the gases circulating around the Earth’s artmosphere to keep the planet warm (J. Tickell and K. Tickell 17). In this sense, man has brought imbalance to nature and amplified the greenhouse effect by producing billions of tons of greenhouse gases (J. Tickell and K. Tickell 17). This is why man becomes a The Environmental Fantasies With all the scientific evidence cementing the idea that the earth’s rising temperature is alarming, uncertainties and confusion still envelops the global struggle against global warming. Why is is this so? According to Greg Easterbrook, â€Å" Environmentalists, who are surely on the right side of history, are increasingly on the wrong side of the present, risking their credibility by proclaiming emergencies that do not exist. † (qtd. in Percival and Alevizatos 401). He adds that scientists and concerned people known as doomsayers are giving uncautious answers as to whether how alarming global warming could be in the near future when in fact, the main answer should be â€Å"We still don’t know† (qtd. in Percival and Alevizatos 407). The unpredictable state of nature is what instigates several fantasies on the reality of global warming. The populist mechanisms of environmental advocates are making it vague for humans to comprehend and understand all contingencies pointing to global warming. The fantasies which the populists continuously argue include the weather anomalies and those ideologies imposed by the cold earth theorists (Ross 205). Those who support cold earth are still holding their ground againts the media frenzy over global warming saying that the warming theory is just a fabricated government cover-up strongly impacted by the short-term interests of the energy industry (Ross 206). The theorists seem to laugh off the apocalyptic projection of concerned individuals over the impact of global warming because they recognize the need for accurate and realistic estimation of the damage. The cold earth theorists argue that carbon dioxide, the known factor in all reports of global warming, accounted for only three percent of temperature variation and that the documented increase in the earth’s temperature is actually an aspect in hastening the end of the interglacial period (Ross 204). Due to the strange and unpredictable character of the weather, it is quite easy to overrate or even underrate what it will soon bring to the earth. The theorists attest to the idea of scientific frailty by bringing in uncertainties in the issue that seem to attract political and economic interest. Factors such as career prestige, government funding, lobby, formulate and administer policy and the advancement of the discipline of climatology are what fuel political interests in the issue creating such a thing as fantasies (Ross 211). All of the factors given are generally associated with precautionary measures being undertaken by governments and organizations worldwide to combat the problem on the earth’s warming and the . Some critics say that the worldwide initiatives against global warming become a form of constructive power that transforms the world into a different image, detaching it from its real meaning and value and delivering it up to the realization of technical description and control (Ross 212). This realization brings up the idea of fantasies overshadowing the reality of global warming. The vigorous publicity rendered towards global warming is leading towards a more mature idea of ecology as a resource management. Conclusion The only thing factual about global warming is that people are starting to feel its wrath. Nature’s wrath is an inevitable circumstance resulting from man’s continued use of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances that cause nature’s rift. Though there are skeptics who believe that the precautionary measures of governments are just mere fantasises based on selfish and populist ideals, scientific uncertainties should not an excuse to to delay governmental actions where there are clear threarts of danger that could be grave and irreversible (Berry 216). The fantasies which this paper have explored given an insight on how ill-prepared and ill-informed the people are when it comes to the real situation and threat of nature. It is said that the pursuit for better and liveable environment is not a mediocre and a cheap course to take and the skeptics who are not ready to accept the cost that comes with the pursuit. It is a classic thought that the public is not ready to accept the unlimited extra costs for the maintenance of good environment (Berry 216). The consumers are not willing to pay more to have a better environment to live in and they begin to doubt the real costs of confronting the problem of global warming. The fantasies explored in this paper are all associated to economic and political ideals and the skeptics of global warming belong in the consumer group who contribute greatly to the global pursuit by paying taxes and buying goods. This scenario is largely attributable to the skepticism against the initiatives conducted by the government to lessen or even alleviate the future effects of global warming. Even with the skepticism, it is a reality that people could not compromise the earth they are living in. Works Cited Berry, Robert, J. , ed. Environmental Dilemmas: Ethics and Decisions. London: Chapman and Hall, 1993. Print. Percival, Robert, V. , and Dorothy Alevizatos, eds. Law and the Environment: A Multidisciplinary Reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. Print. Ross, Andrew. Strange Weather: Culture, Science and Technology in the Age of Limits. London: Verso, 1991. Print. Tennesen, Michael. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Global Warming. New York: Alpha Books, 2004. Print. Tickell, Joshua, and Kaia Tickell, From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank: The Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel. California: Tickell Energy, 2003. Print.

Total Solution for Customers Cars Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Total Solution for Customers Cars - Assignment Example Advantages of this business would be on a two-way basis. There will be mutual benefits on the availability of opposite and concurrent needs. Typically there is demand for the products in the region as a supply of the same can be made from my current location. The case scenario here would be taping of economic resources in exchange for material products. The company would deliver its best so as to ensure customer satisfaction and counter competitors hence favorable competition in the markets. On the other hand, the creation of employment in a two way would be put into consideration. The organization would be concerned with producing at home hence employing locals. During sales overseas, the organization will have to employ the country's nationals. The end result is a creation of employment on both sides with the aim of having benefits reaped from either side. The connection would also ensure a learning mechanism based on diversity in technology through the introduction of new technological appliances in the markets. The other benefit to my organization will be making profits on currently available appliances which are not widespread. One of the disadvantages of the business setup is a language barrier. In business, communicated is perceived to be pivotal in the smooth operation of daily activities. In order to assemble all things set to work, the locals and planners have to come to terms. Customer interaction may be a problem when the need arises for communication with the top management. However, translations would be available but this does not deliver the much that a one on one conversation would have done. Cultural diversity may not facilitate some appliances. An example of this is the fact that women do not drive in Saudi Arabia. Hence my appliances targeted to women customers would be limited

Proposed Guidelines for Civil Commitment Research Paper

Proposed Guidelines for Civil Commitment - Research Paper Example The police run criminal background records of that particular individual and also collaborate with prison warders to establish the conduct of the person while they had been confined. This information together with that of mental health workers is presented in front of the judge or jury as evidence against the release of the sex offender and if the evidence is substantial, the person is incarcerated once again in order to protect the human rights of the society at the expense of that of an individual person. The evidence is usually based on the level of danger the person poses to the society and to himself or herself once released, if it is more on the society (which is usually the case), then the sex offender is incarcerated (Melton et al. 2007). Washington Law which was passed several decades ago allowed for release of dangerous sex offenders. Following cases of violent attacks in the 1980s, this law was changed and a community protection Act of the 1990 was passed. This act provided provisions for formation of civil commitment laws in the states which allowed incarceration of a person previously determined as a sex offender based on the reasons of mental abnormality (Leon 2011). In 1997, the Kansas v. Hendricks case further acted to cement the civil commitment. In this case, the Supreme Court used civil commitment to continue to incarcerate a sex offender who was found to have mental abnormalities which was said to pose a danger to the community. The court acted according to the constitution and hence protected the society whose rights and interests are deemed more important than individual interests (Mears 2010). Following this policy set by statutes, other states have come up with state-specific laws that are connected with the civil commitment and which serve to strengthen the evidence of incarcerating a sex offender for the interests of the society. The mental health civil commitment act of Minnesota is one such example and which defines sex offenders

Persepolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Persepolis - Essay Example Her description of a significant event from Iran history, the movie theater burning, and the way it is done will help to understand her attempt to full extent. (Satrapi, 2002). The book of Satrapi is peculiar from the point of view of the way of the events description. They are depicted on the illustrations which are accompanied by short but sharp comments, like â€Å"The Shah said that a group of religious fanatics perpetrated the massacre.† (Satrapi, 2002, 15), which is, similarly, an attempt to simplify the description. â€Å"Simplification develops more than just the accentuated written messages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nolan, 2010, 3). The pictures about the Rex Cinema fire contain the images of a burning building of the theater and the metaphorical depiction of the victims of the fire who were burnt inside. Keira Nolan also states that â€Å"†¦a simplified art style works best, as it amplifies only the primary features of the text, unlike realism which would be far more focused on social details.†, which means that Satrapi focuses primarily on terrible consequences of the tragedy. (Nolan, 2010, 1). This way the author instigates the readerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s thinking on both the reason and the party which caused this terrible fire. Satrapi also pays attention that the firemen arrived too late, â€Å"†¦forty minutes later†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and this is also a point of significant concern. (Satrapi, 2002, 15). The mentioned event is also described from historical perspective. The historians, the date and the death toll aside, also pay attention to the versions of the deadly fire, which are, obviously, opposite and are similarly to have been elaborated to defend each of the blamed parties. The official government which ruled Iran those days blamed the protesters and the militants, whereas the latter counter-attacked such accusations by their aiming at SAVAK, the state structure close to Shah.

Gossip in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gossip in the Workplace - Essay Example To start with, workplace gossip can have lasting effects and impressions. The workers and employees are best advised to abstain from it so that these gossip conversations do not have lasting effects in the long term. Workplace gossips can turn pretty ugly at times since the informal ‘grapevine’ network present within an organization spreads very quickly and no one can actually stop rumors as well as true stories from being shared openly. Continuing further, the causes of workplace gossips are that the small conversations which are held between two employees are spread to other workers working within the organization if the conversation is overheard by another individual who also works in that organization. (Heller, 1998) It is also possible that one of these two people might tell others who would further tell the remaining staff that is working within the organization and hence the gossip can turn really nasty at the end. With more and more informal gossips in the workplace, it is suggested that the employees are not concentrating properly on their assigned tasks and the bosses take particular note of this fact. They mention these points to the employees who like to gossip a lot and also warn them from time to time so that the gossip within the workplace is reduced drastically. The effects of this workplace gossip are that the employees have a bad image within the organization and they are not taken in high esteem. They are also told of concentrating on their own duties rather than wasting their times on having useless gossips all the time. (Drumheller, 2006) Workplace gossips also mean that the employees have lost a lot of interest in their work and they do not find their job challenging enough. The employers should provide comfort to these types of employees by changing their job nature or making their job focus a bit more different. They can also be delegated work in a

Visual Analysis Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Analysis Art - Essay Example According to, For Entry to University and College, the structure acts as a base for the students to recreate markedly on the hot days as denotable from the freshmen. It allows the students to skate, walk, and even cycle at the vicinity; furthermore, the location of the structure creates a splendid walkway on and off along the campus especially in the winter periods and even towards the engineering mall. The structure has had it challenges in equal measures despite the marvelous attraction and praise. Consistent with, A University of Tradition: The Spirit of Purdue, the threat exposed by the structure to small children is quite insurmountable to warrant its operations. For instance, in April 2001, the structure had stalled for some periods. It even attracted the attention of the administration to the extents of even rethinking of laying fences around the structure. Massive pressure created by the water jets continually knocked children on the along the structure thus inhibiting or eve n concealing the rather finely designed and projected engineering work. The local people however permitted their children to get jovial around the structure, but this was to conducted under supervision of an older person, for instance their parents. While the structure was excellently designed, personally I feel that it does not meet the thresholds for safety. Possibly, the location or even design architecture had gross errors. In any engineering or artwork safety comes first. Probably redesign of the structure could restore the desires of the initial creator. The conspicuously high pressure is inconsistent and inapplicable to the ambience habituated by children. Possibly, design of a small obstacle or fences around it could probably reassure the essence of the structure. The implementers of the design did a laudable job by using long term existing materials including concrete and blocks (Pipes, 2003). Landmarks similar to the ‘Engineering fountain’ are susceptible to t he erosion factors, rain and water being the chief causatives of the wide spanning corrosion conditions. The choice of the blocks ascertains the durability anticipated by the initial designers of the structure thus exposing the envisaged long existence. Goods application of cement and quality exhibits unnatural strength in the material structure as notable from the pyramids of Egypt and the highly erected quality expands the established feature for the far based visibility of the structure. At night, the highly adorn lights paints the section under which the projects sits sparkling cream appearance that even adds to the already outstanding form to expound on the beauty. While the art points to heaven and at top of it during the night light shines resembling the biblical star that directed the Wiseman to the birth place of the king (Jesus). The vast space allocated near it offers ample time during the view of the remarkable design. Confirmable from, A University of Tradition: The Spi rit of Purdue, while in terms of aesthetic value, the structure achieves great scoring in terms of points; however, the president of the Purdue and the university architect had to absorb certain amount of pressure and complaints directed to them due the hindrance notable in the project. Apparently, the project was Martin Jischke’s first project in the university. The eventual formation of a community organized committee to seek the way forward on the matter explains the vital

Research Proposal (general research proposal for doctoral thesis to Essay

Research Proposal (general research proposal for doctoral thesis to the graduate department) - Essay Example My research during the first year of my master's program at the University of Victoria covered multiple topics within non-photorealistic rendering (NPR), graphics, and animation. During the course of my research, I completed a class on perception and graphics that resulted in a project that will be submitted this month for the _(name of journal)____, a reputable __enter subject__ journal . The project involved the study of human vision and perception and prompted me to expand my topic of NPR with perception into the formation of my master's thesis. My master's thesis titled, "Perceptual Imitation of Human Drawn lines" involved study within the areas of Newtonian Physics, Image Processing, and Artificial Intelligence. From my research and findings with this thesis, I intend to publish two papers in NPAR'08 and CAE'08. Therefore, for my doctoral study I wanted to get more in depth in my research in these particular topics. First, I would like to expand on the subject of lines to full animated cartoon character images. Image processing is naturally an essential field of study in NPR and will play a major role in my thesis. Also, image processing will lead to more critical study of perception. The study of perception falls into the area of psychology. Surprisingly, psychological research on NPR is limited. It was briefly discussed in my master's thesis.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection - Essay Example The challenges come from in diverse forms, from the selection of specific topics to satisfy each academic need, to preparations for preliminary drafts taking into account critical elements that need to be incorporated in essay writing. Aside from the crucial requisite to perennially observe correct grammatical rules, to ensure that the detailed objectives for the essay are attained, there is this relevant element of writing the essay with the intended audience to be taken into consideration. Particularly for the purpose of this reflective essay, I have to bear in mind that I relay the improvements and transformations noted from personal perspectives on these various literary works written during the course. Essays that required a comparative analysis of a situation, of personalities, or of themes (of which I compared two Batman movies) assisted in developing analytical skills that required making in depth assessments of various elements of the movie: the actors, the plot, the charact ers, cinematography, sounds, and awards received, accordingly. The activity honed, not only writing in correct grammar, spelling and structure; but more so on delving into details to achieve the objective of selecting and justifying from among those elements identified, the best movie from one’s point of view.

Peer pressure on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peer pressure on children - Research Paper Example According to (Perkins, P.178), children associate with group due different factors such as companionship and to be associated by a specific group. Similar factors which include seeking attention from parent and peers, companionship, to rebel against parents and due to personal attributes have been stated by Zolten and Long (P. 1). Others join groups for fear of segregation, to bond with friends to avoid ridicule and to feel adequate. The main reason why children follow their peers is due to lack of relationship between them and their parents, relatives and guiding institutions such as religion organization (Perkins, P.179). According Okorodudu (P. 34), teenagers spend most of their time with their peers while less time is spent with people that have positive impact on them such teachers, parents, counselors and relatives (Okorodudu, P. 34). Peer pressure is capable of influencing people’s behavior. Peer pressure has both positive and negative impacts on children but in most ca ses negative impacts outweighs the positive impact. Children are uncomfortable with the Negative peer pressure but they still do what their peers advices them. The negative impacts of peer pressure include drug abuse and engaging in risky activities (Philip Morris USA, P.5). The risk sexual activities can lead sexual transmitted diseases, early pregnancy, teenage motherhood and school dropout. According to peer pressure can have short term as well as long term effect on academic performance (Black, Devereux and Salvanes, P. 3). Ortiz (2012) also stated that negative impacts of peer pressure are addiction to illegal drugs, stealing, missing school, smoking cigarettes and taking... From the beginning of the paper, the issue and solution of the problem is discussed. Almost all children are affected by peer pressure at some point in their lives and in most cases parents are not able to protect their parents from peer pressure (Zolten and Long, P. 2). However, parents can play a big role in reducing the impact of negative peer pressure by establishing a strong bond with their children, talking to them about peer pressure and its impact, seeking to know their children’s friends rather than criticizing them, recognizing their effort and teaching them how to be independent. This research paper focuses on the point that there is a lot of information in regard to causes and effects of peer pressure. The study will seek to bridge the existing gaps on how to reduce the impact of negative peer pressure on children. The research focuses on such questions as what are the negative effects of peer pressure in children and teenagers? What are the causes of peer pressure in children and teenagers? How can parents help their children and teenagers overcome the negative impactsof peer pressure? To what extent does positive family relationship impacts adolescents’ behavior and reaction to negative peer pressure? In conclusion, this study proposes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate how to reduce the impact of negative peer pressure on children. Random questioners will be issued to various groups including parents, teenagers, religion leaders and teachers.

Coach †The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Essay Example for Free

Coach – The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Essay Abstract Fashion trends are sensitive, and customers are unpredictable. It makes fashion industry become a highly competitive market. To survive and thrive, fashion companies need distinctive strategies. It seems aspiring but not many firms can achieve. As an exception, Coach proves its success in this challenge by not walking through the same way as others rivals (e.g. Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and Hermes) have done. Coach has created a customer-focused model and a result-driven strategy to lead its business to overcome crisis and expand market. Even though there still have many challenges in the fashion sector, Coach’s strategy seems to be sustainable. Coach – The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Coach was a family-run company founded by Miles Cahn in 1941 in New York (Coach, 2012). Coach was famous for traditional crafted leather goods, but keeping the classic styles drove it to dramatically lose market share. Based on the excellent management of Chairman Lew Frankfort, Coach shifted from a conventional leather division of Sarah Lee Corp. to a fashion-oriented brand name and a customer-centric corporation (Boorstin, 2002). Coach has thrived not only in North America but also in Japan, China and other countries (Coach, 2012 Tsukahara, 2011). Therefore, Coach’s strategy is sustainable. Successful Management in Turbulent Economic Conditions The secret formula for Coach’s success simply comprises two components. First, it is the perfect collaboration between Lew Frankfort (Chairman and CEO) and Reed Krakoff (President and Executive Creative Director). Since Frankfort took his office, he implemented several typical reforms: created customer database to examine consumer behavior, built multichannel distribution system (retail stores, factory outlets, boutiques, and online store), and hired Reed Krakoff to refresh Coach’s product design (Slywotzky, 2007). Krakoff made a revolution in Coach conventional product lines by using new materials, shapes, styles, and colors to attract more customers but not abandon its loyal fans (Slywotzky, 2007). Second, consumer-focused strategy makes Coach stand out. Based on customer information that is collected through various angles, Coach can sooner identify problems and quickly adjust. In a nutshell, Coach’s success derives from a blend of â€Å"understanding the consumer, being results-driven and at the same time anticipating when fashion is happening (Karimzadeh, 2004). What Makes Coach Different From its Competitors? Coach chooses to operate in its own way. First is â€Å"selling luxury for the mass† (Gogoi, 2005). Coach sets product prices 50% lower than Gucci or Louis Vuitton to attract cost-conscious customers (Takahara, 2008). Coach’s numerous product lines satisfy diverse market segments based on ages, regions, and cultures. However, product quality must be maintained to be considered as luxury goods (Slywotzky, 2007). Second is the customer-driven operating model. Coach spends around five million U.S. dollars annually on market research to collect customer information through private interviews, telephone surveys, competitive analysis, and in-store product tests (Slywotzky, 2007). By putting customers into operating process from input (what customers desire) to output (product testing), Coach can modify its products to satisfy customers’ requirement or increase production of favorite products (Slywotzky, 2007). For example, Japanese customers usually commute to work, so they prefer small bags (Tsukahara, 2011). Moreover, database shows that customer usually visits store every month so Coach launches its new products monthly to attract customers and give them more new choices (Slywotzky, 2007 Tsukahara, 2011). Third is the tight management. The executives check sales operation of each store daily and frequently review each business unit as well as the total business planning (Boorstin, 2002). Lew Frankfort even visits stores a few times a week to check their operations and directly evaluate customer responses (Slywotzky, 2007). Fourth, Coach has a flexible production process by using 100% outsourcing in 16 countries around the world (e.g. Vietnam and China), which neither Gucci nor Louis Vuitton is interested in (Karimzadeh, 2004 Tsukahara, 2011). This also helps Coach cut off fixed costs, and reduce time consuming from production to sales operation. Fifth, Coach has a huge multichannel distribution system: 500 stores in U.S and Canada, 300 direct-operated stores in Japan, China, Singapore and the like, a set of boutiques in particular department stores and an online website coach.com (Coach, 2012). This provides more opportunities for Coach to expand business globally. Coach Strategy is Sustainable In this highly competitive market, Coach has its own weapon to be considered sustainable: understanding customers and building a solid business structure. With a huge database of 9.7 million families from different viewpoints (Slywotzky, 2007), Coach knows how to make its products fit with customer demands or even how to set reasonable prices. For example, a survey before launching the New Hamptons Lap Satchel revealed that customers were willing to pay 328$ for this product, which was 30$ higher than prediction, then Coach immediately reprinted the price tags and sales augmented (Slywotzky, 2007). Moreover, with the close management as described above, Coach runs its operation sensibly by focusing on any detailed changes in sales and customer behaviors. Besides, Coach has a diversified product category (handbag, wallet, suitcase, accessories, perfume, and clothes) with various designs and an enormous distribution channel to help Coach approach many different market segments. In an interview with Fox Business in 2011, Frankfort was confident that Coach’s strategy was sustainable in that turbulent time, he only concerned about the macro economy: the slowly irregular economic recovery might affect consumer confidence in purchasing decision. Conclusion To gain market share, Coach chooses a unique way to operate: Coach’s customer-centric model, together with the perfect combination of logic (represented by Lew Frankfort) and magic (symbolized by Reed Krakoff), help Coach thrive in such a very competitive fashion industry. Even though there might be many forthcoming challenges, Coach’s strategy is sustainable because understanding customers helps Coach identify risks sooner and respond faster. References Boorstin, J. (2002, October 28). How Coach got hot The maker of the indestructible purse finally considers style. CNNMoney. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=2f9ec3fa-9541-4044-87e1-2ddd37107d03%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=127bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=7567234. Coach (2012). Coach financial tear sheet. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/Tearsheet.ashx?c=122587. Gogoi, P. (2005, November 28). Selling luxury for the masses. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-28/selling-luxury-to-the-masses. Glick, A. (Interviewer) Frankfort, L. (Interviewee) (2011). Coach evolving its base with poppy. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/3951579/coach-evolving-its-base-with-poppy/. Karimzadeh, M. (2004, March 1). Riding Coach’s express: No signs of slowdown as luxe brand zooms. Women’s Wear Daily. Retrieved from http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/riding-coach-8217-s-express-no-signs-of-slowdown-as-luxe-brand-zooms-695558?full=true. Takahara, K. (2 008, September 12). Coach builds brand of affordable luxury goods. The Japan Time Online. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20080912a3.html. Tsukahara, M. (2011, November 26). A study of brand/ Coach keeps on riding high. The Daily Yomiuri. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T111121007083.htm. Slywotzky, A. J. (2007). The upside of strategic risk. In Oliver Wyman Journal. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.oliverwyman.com/pdf_files/OWJ-UpsideofStratRisk.pdf.

Analysis Of Slumdog Millionaire Film Studies Essay

Analysis Of Slumdog Millionaire Film Studies Essay In this assignment I will be describing the structure and the ownership of the UK film industry and exploring the production, distribution and the exhibition of Slumdog Millionaire. I will be also looking at the relationship between films and their production contexts and the relationship between audiences and films. Danny Boyle, a British director, directed the film, Slumdog Millionaire. It was about Jamal, who was Dev Patel, grew up in the slums, who then becomes a contestant in Who Becomes a Millionaire. The events that happen when he was young becomes back to life, when he is being asked questions in the game show. When people watch the movie everyone will have their own interpretation of what the outcome of the story will be. The first half of the film, the colour, style, and subject matter felt reminiscent of City of God, but Danny Boyles distinct shots choices and humour separates the film above the rest. The second half of the film does slow down a bit and the fairy tale ending makes you feel good inside, but it doesnt always bring critics accolades. The bit that attracted the viewers the most was the cultural and social issues highlighted throughout the film. The poverty, violence caused by poverty, and religious discrimination was very prevalent throughout the film. Danny Boyle chose certain shots to show the poverty and desperation of the people of India, without any dialogue he kept the social and cultural context all-visual. Some parts of the film were from a Hollywood style, where they had artists from America, M.I.A. The movie showed some negative aspects of India, where they were slums, poverty, prostitution and robbery. The young boys resorting to violence for food and shelter becomes at times heroic. Young children finding their way to survive and being forced to mature long before their time. India in the past 10 years has drastically changed the countrys economic standing growing the middle class from the rise of industry. TALK ABOUT BOYS AND GIRLS The characteristics of Inde Films are: They are largely driven, they relate individual to a wider social/cultural background, narrative are left often, some do/some dont have closure, there is an emphasis on a documentary style and photography, they deal with real current social issues, narratives can be circular cut up back to front and sometimes simple too, they often deny generic expectation, and independent films tend to have lower budgets, lesser or unknown stars, and they are shot on location. The British and the French were the ones who created the equipment that were needed to make a movie. After the World War happened, the British had changed, where they couldnt make any more movies. The American had a chance to produce quality movies and produce more. Vertical Integration is a style of management control. It is a process of steps in the production, distribution and exhibition of the movie product that are then owned by a company. The big 5 were: Warner, MGM, Paramount, 20th Century Fox and R.KO. They are now: Disney, 20th Century Fox, Universal, Paramount, Columbia, and Warner Brothers. The five owned their own studios, distribution divisions, and theatres. They also signed contracts with actors, actresses, and other filmmaking personnel. They had the scriptwriting, filming, production, and the distribution of a movie. The Little Three are: Universal Pictures, Columbia, and United Studios. The Little 3 owned few or no theatres, so there was no built in guarantee that the films that they made would be shown. Each of them lacked one of the three elements required in vertical integration owning their own theatres. The casting of Slumdog Millionaire constructed and targeted towards different audience segments by looking at the most of the famous Bollywood Stars in India, Anil Kapoor who is the Millionaire host in the film. Anil Kapoor is a famous Indian Actor who appears in most famous Bollywood films. Slumdog Millionaire was Anil Kapoors first role in an international film. Frieda Pinto, is another famous Indian actor, she was starred at Latika. Before she was starred in Slumdog Millionaire, she was modelling for a company called Elite Model Management India for two years. Frieda had won eight Oscars for the film. Her life was transformed as she embarked on a promotional tour round the world, staying in five-star hotels and being driven by chauffeurs. Irfan Khan is an Indian Actor in film, television and theatre. In the movie, Slumdog Millionaire, Irfan Khan has a role of being a police inspector, who he investigates if Jamal cheated in the game show or telling the truth. A R Rahman produced m ostly all of the Bollywood soundtracks. Slumdog Millionaire at times sounds like a mixture of random pieces that dont have much to do with each other. The soundtracks were created with specific visuals in mind. The song, O Saya was one of the two nominated tracks for Best Song at the Oscars, and the other winner being Jai Ho. The past is genuine with rich sounds mirroring the Mumbai cityscape. Jai ho is an essential Rahman track, completed with his favourite vocalist, Sukhvinder Singh. In scene 5 M.I.A make an appearance in Paper Planes, the track is relaxed and carefree. In the first scene A R Rahman uses M.I.A to sing, from Hollywood, distinct an American audience. The soundtrack is really important to India. Cross Media Ownership is where a company owns different media in press. This is terrible for Democracy, there is no incentive for the reporters to investigate and get the story, since the ownership alone decides what news is and what isnt and there is no competition for viewers/readers. It is important because it allows the movie and the companies to get more attention by the audiences. If they wanted to watch a movie they would have to spend money to see it, which will give more money to the company. The slums kids had enjoyed the experience of the movie. The slum kids didnt have to act, they just had to be natural in front of the camera. The slums lived on the side of the rail tracks, which were made out of plastic sheets with tinned roofs. After their movie had been successful, they were invited to the Oscars where they were being interviewed, meeting Hollywood celebrities and they could walk on the red carpet. The movie was to show the viewers how they were living in such conditions in India. In conclusion, the audiences were attracted to the Hollywood film style, and werent not paying attention to the European film style. The European film style had to be changed so more viewers could watch it. Hollywood was high up in the market, where they could afford to make 3D films.

The Natural Language Processing In Siri

The Natural Language Processing In Siri Natural language is the tool to represent Information. It is the ability for the users to communicate with any system or device in a conversational manner without any conversational hindrances. Natural Language Processing in Siri The above topic constitutes the working of Siri. This topic now being covered is how Siri can able to process sentences and convert them into meaningful texts. Natural Language Processing has become more advanced to understand human voice and convert them into text and manipulating those texts and giving us useful answers. Apple has introduced Dictation in Siri, a Speech to text feature. It process natural language, contextual and conversational and works with built in apps on Siri like calendars, contacts address etc. Function of the application Siri The application Siri requires a speech input. Using Automatic Speech Recognition System it translates our voice to text. This system analyses an individuals voice and fine tunes the voice to get more accurate result in the form of commands and questions1. The voice recognition does not just try to understand voice and translates to text but it tries to understand who the speaker or the person is. This will then try to learn the persons speech and Siri trains according to it. Next, the texts are sent to servers on the Apple Siri cloud and these words uses the Natural Language processing store to execute a series of understanding language models of the text. Uses POS tagging(Part of Speech), noun phrase chunking, dependency and parsing to parse text to form a meaningful sentences. Using various models like Boolean, vector and language changes a lot more and giving a meaning to the text. These meanings are taken from the lexical group of corpus documents finding the probability of the n ext words sequences. The higher the probability of the words the more chances the words get joined till the sentences gets structured. These parsed texts use the question and intent analysis to analyze the parsed text. For eg. Call my mother. It has to first store in its local memory who is your mother. When it is stored, the next time it will know who you are mentioning about it. Another example if you ask Siri to Schedule a meeting. Siri has to use pragmatic approach to understand what exactly the user is trying to describe. From the word Schedule it has to find out the whether the schedule is related to time table or a calendar. But still Siri can understand with one piece of word. It has to analyze the next piece of sentences to match a meaning. But since a Siri has a database for understanding this small information, it can actually make out that the calendar needs to be opened and ask the users to input the words and time of the meeting. If the answer cant be found or cant dir ectly answer it, Apple Siri then uses the data mash up technology combining two or more third party web services to get information out of the questions asked by the user. These third party mash up like Open Table, Wolfram Alpha perform actions, operations and question and answering. These answers are produced back into natural language processed text from a given question. And then uses the TTS technology to transform the Natural Language processed text to synthesized speech. Speech Recognition to Natural Language Processing Apple Siri uses speech synthesizer to process the voice to be sent to a server to transcribe the words spoken into parsed text. The sound spoken is encoded into compact digital form that preserves its information. The signal from the connected phone is relayed wireless through a nearby Cell tower then to the ISP which is then communicated to a server in the cloud which is been loaded with a variety of speech models to understand the language. The Speech is also verified local on the Apple Siri Devices if it can manage what the user is spoken in small measure otherwise recognizer which is installed locally communicates it to the server recognizer to evaluate the speech. The Server is then compared with a speech against a statistical model to estimate the sounds spoken and the order in which it was spoken. Techniques in Natural Language processing They are no of techniques used for constructing a good natural sentence such as statistical modeling, lexical and grammatical parsing, machine learning. These technologies deconstruct words, sentences, paragraphs and entire documents expressed in human language and map them to a semantic structure. 3 If you ask a question to Siri what is the time in New Delhi, India? This information is simplified by mapping out spoken words to correct spellings. Once the text is correctly categorized, it will extract information from various sources semantically. In this case, we have two elements to be retrieved, the time and the location as New Delhi. Siri must know what it is relates to. For example, 100 Degree of Celsius, the application must understand that at 100 Degrees it is hot. So there is a requirement for a Domain Knowledge. Definition of Techniques of Natural Language processing working with Apple Siri Language models are assigned a probability to sequence of words. It captures the properties of the language and predicts the next words in the sequence. If the Language model is used in information retrieval, it takes information from documents and takes the probability of higher number of words used for the next sentences. 6. Since apple Siri is a closed propriety, we assume these language models are used to constructs these words. They probably might use different methods to form sentences when asked to Siri. Some of the definitions of the certain techniques could have been used in Siri to process natural language are just given below Statistical modeling This algorithm are models which corrects words and sentences. It resolves difficulties of ambiguous data which are processed with realistic grammar. 4 Semantic Searching -It uses entity extraction which takes nouns, places and people and maps all these into a single concept. Parsing It is the process of analyzing a text made of sequence of tokens to determine grammatical structure to construct the words in a grammatical form.5 Auto Categorization It auto categorize thousands and thousands of words and then sort out of the works according to the words spoken and very quickly. Machine Translation This concept automatically tries to translate one text from one form to another. It has to know grammar, semantics and facts about the real world in order to make accurate translation. Sentiment Analysis It checks the tone of an article whether it is positive, negative or neutral. It extracts the subjects of the information. Question Answering We have Wolfram Alpha and Ask.com to answer questions for you. These are computational intelligences API web services giving useful answers back to the user when asked the questions

Patient Safety and Risk Management Essay -- Health Care

Patient safety and risk management should be intertwined in the organization. Patient safety is where the patient does not experience unnecessary harm or pain or other suffering during their treatment (Youngberg, 2011). Minimizing risk is to decrease unnecessary losses or improve or implement process that will decrease adverse event (Youngberg, 2011). The Samantha Jones adverse event is a perfect example to enhance patient safety through improved process or project. To understand the event a root analysis needs to be done and action items are created from this analysis. Taking time to conduct a proper analysis of the cause eliminates a premature conclusion that may lead to inadequate corrective actions (William, 2008). A root analysis is a systematic approach to collect information that may identify and evaluate hazards and risks (Williams, 2008). The root analysis provides a starting point on areas that may need changing. There are three areas to a root cause analysis of the adverse event which can enable the investigator to; 1) isolate the circumstances that increased the risk of an accident or incident from occurring; 2) determine who or what was involved in the situation; and (3) assess whether the facility might have control over the causes of the event (William, 2008). Using a report outline can help gather information consistency and completeness (Williams, 2008). The outline below evaluates the Samantha Jones adverse event. 1. Policy or Process (system) in Which the Event Occurred: a. The policy or process did not confirm the correct patient i. Nurses did not feel that they could voice their opinion about a proper time out b. Time out was not conducted thoroughly 2. Human Resources (factors and issues) a. No... ...004). Root cause analysis applied to the investigation of serious untoward incidents in mental health services Retrieved from. http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/28/3/75. Parker, D. (2008). Managing risk in healthcare: understanding your safety culture using the Manchester Patient Safety Framework (MaPSaF) Journal of Nursing Management; Mar2009, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p218-222. Ransom, E. R., Joshi, M. S., Nash, D. B., & Ransom, S. B. (2008). The healthcare quality book. (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press. Rooney, J.J. & Vanden Heuvel, L. N. (2004) Root Cause Analysis for Beginners. Retrieved from. https://servicelink.pinnacol.com/pinnacol_docs/lp/cdrom_web/safety/management/accident_investigation/Root_Cause.pdf Williams, L. (2008) The value of a root cause analysis. Long-Term Living: For the Continuing Care Professional, Nov2008, Vol. 57 Is

Anti-Slavery Issue and Childrens Magazines: 1820-1860 Essay -- Slavery

Anti-Slavery Issue and Children's Magazines: 1820-1860   By the 1820’s the issue of slavery in the southern states had become fraught with controversy. It was by no means a clear-cut difference between Northern and Southern states; many Southerners were against it and many Northerners tolerated it, feeling it was a problem that the South must solve. Most early anti-slavery societies, though, arose in the North and many made efforts to spread their views by publishing. William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator, published weekly between 1831 and 1865, had a Juvenile Department; the paper became the organ for the American Anti-Slavery Society which Garrison started in 1833.   Among the earliest children’s magazines was the Juvenile Miscellany (hereafter   JM), begun and edited by Lydia Maria Child, and published in Boston from 1826-1834. It included occasional pieces that dealt with the problem of slavery; Child herself was an ardent abolitionist, but the slavery issue was inflammatory, and to keep her subscription base with the parents and grandparents who paid for it, the problem had to be treated with caution.   Another early periodical, The Slave’s Friend (hereafter TSF), appeared in 1836, published by the New York Anti-Slavery Society; it was specifically addressed to young readers and included abolitionist fiction, poetry, and articles. Like the Liberator it was published not only for the already-converted, but also in hopes of influencing the lukewarm and undecided. There was no question of its single-minded intent.   While TSF and JM had relatively brief runs,   the Youth’s Companion (hereafter YC)   ran for over a century, from 1827-1929, starting as a weekly family newspaper and later aimed strictly at the young. Its edito... ...New York Anti-Slavery Society,   1836-38.   Youth’s Companion, ed. Nathaniel Willis, 1827-1929.   Anonymous.  Ã‚   Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom’s Cabin.   Boston: John P.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jewett and Co., 1853.    Secondary Sources   MacLeod, Anne Scott.  Ã‚   A Moral Tale: Children’s Fiction and American Culture,  Ã‚   1820-1860.   Hamden:   Shoe String Press-Archon, 1975.   Taketani, Etsuko.   â€Å"The ‘omnipresent aunt’ and the social child: Lydia Maria  Ã‚  Ã‚   Child’s juvenile miscellany.†Ã‚   Children’s Literature 27 (1999):   22-39.   Yankee Doodle’s Literary Sampler of Prose, Poetry, and Pictures, Being an  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anthology of Diverse Works Published for the Edification and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Entertainment of Young Readers in America Before 1900.  Ã‚   Selected from  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Rare Book Collections of the Library of Congress and Introduced by  Ã‚  Ã‚   Virginia Hamilton and Margaret N. Coughlan.   NY:   Crowell, 1974.

Margret atwood

In the book The Penelopiad, Margret Atwood gives the 12 hanged maids a voice throughout the novel. She tells the story of the odyssey and Penelope's voice is powerful while also truthful and honest throughout the story. There is a reason and a purpose of why Margret Attwood chooses to give the maids a voice and let them be heard. In the story, Margret Atwood talks and discusses the maids for a specific reason. I believe that she thinks that the maids had no voice, they are all females, and there eath was not explained.That leaves one explanation that Margret Atwood is a feminist and thought that it would be important to include the maids and give them a much bigger part to show that its not 0k to treat women that way. In the first telling of the story, it was never stated that the maids had restrictions as to who and whom they couldn't sleep with. What also was not explained was why they slept with the suitors in the first place.That is why Margret Atwood found it to be intriguing to write bout what actually happened and give the maids a voice. Another reason for why Margret Atwood chose to give the maids a voice is because women didn't exactly have a say back in that time period and were also looked down upon. I think that Margret Atwood The last reason why Margret Atwood chose to include the maids into the story is because she wanted people to see and understand the daily life of a maid back then and what they had to go through. Margret atwood In the book The Penelopiad, Margret Atwood gives the 12 hanged maids a voice throughout the novel. She tells the story of the odyssey and Penelope's voice is powerful while also truthful and honest throughout the story. There is a reason and a purpose of why Margret Attwood chooses to give the maids a voice and let them be heard. In the story, Margret Atwood talks and discusses the maids for a specific reason. I believe that she thinks that the maids had no voice, they are all females, and there eath was not explained.That leaves one explanation that Margret Atwood is a feminist and thought that it would be important to include the maids and give them a much bigger part to show that its not 0k to treat women that way. In the first telling of the story, it was never stated that the maids had restrictions as to who and whom they couldn't sleep with. What also was not explained was why they slept with the suitors in the first place.That is why Margret Atwood found it to be intriguing to write bout what actually happened and give the maids a voice. Another reason for why Margret Atwood chose to give the maids a voice is because women didn't exactly have a say back in that time period and were also looked down upon. I think that Margret Atwood The last reason why Margret Atwood chose to include the maids into the story is because she wanted people to see and understand the daily life of a maid back then and what they had to go through.

Full Text Search in Ruby

Full text search is a technique for searching a document or database stored in the computer. A full text search engine examines all the words, in every stored document, to find a match of the keyword searched by the user. Many web sites and application programs provide full-text search capabilities. There are quite a few choices when it comes to adding a full text search in a Ruby on Rails application. A choice can be made on the basis of the language the search engine is written in or the scalability options suited for the application.Acts As Indexed being a pure Ruby implementation makes for a tool that is totally portable, and suitable for almost any application requiring full text search capabilities. Search queries support many standard boolean operators, namely exclusion of a term through the use of ’-’ and the matching of phrases through the use of quotation marks. It is useful in case of a simple site and need to implement a basic search very quickly. Ferret is a full text search engine library written for ruby implemented in a rails application by the Acts As Ferret plugin.It is inspired by the Apache Lucene Java project. The first step to implementing a search is to get an index built and then the index is searched for the documents having the keyword. One of the more useful features especially in a web scenario is highlighting the matched words. This is made trivial by Index’s highlight method. It’s also possible to use Ferret as a more general purpose data store Xapian is written in C++ with bindings to allow use from Perl, Python, PHP, Java, Tcl, C# and Ruby.An important feature of Xapian is the Ranked probabilistic search – important words get more weight than unimportant words so more relevant results appear at the top. It also supports Synonyms as an automatic form of query expansion and can even suggest spelling corrections for user supplied queries. Full range of structured boolean search operators (â€Å"st ock NOT market†, etc). Sphinx, written in C++, is the most logical successor to Ultrasphinx, since both utilize Sphinx as the search server.Sphinx works by reading information out of the database to build the search index. Communication with the Sphinx server occurs by sharing C â€Å"objects† over sockets. A variety of text processing features enable fine-tuning Sphinx for application requirements, and a number of relevance functions ensures you can tweak search quality as well. Sunspot is a Ruby library for expressive, powerful interaction with the Solr search engine. Sunspot uses Solr, a Java search server built on the Lucene search library.It provides robust, flexible full-text search with no boolean queries and no string programming. Solr servers can be clustered and since they manage the index, Sunspot can automatically update the indexes when the model objects change. There’s no need to run a cron job to reindex the data or setup delta indexing like with S phinx. Thus we see that Full text search has come a long way since the early days of Ferret. The incompatibility of Ultrasphinx, once the most preferred, with Rails 3. resulted in the emergence of Sphinx and Sunspot as favourites. Solr is a compelling alternative to Sphinx, since the most scalable Web apps (Facebook, Twitter) use Java behind the UI layer. Xapian can be considered as the best option whenever ranked probabilistic search is required. Acts_As_Indexed, written entirely in Ruby, works out great and is very easy to implement with automatic indexing. (ie No cron jobs needed to keep the index up to date).

Importance of JIT in Modern Organisation Essay

The philosophy of just-in-time (JIT) originated in Japan 50 years ago at Toyota Motor Co. The goal is to create a production environment driven by demand that holds only a small amount of inventory and products at any given time. Organizations in the manufacturing, service and public sectors are implementing a wide variety of innovative managerial tools and JIT philosophy to help them deal with the highly competitive, customer-driven environments in which they must operate. External relationships, for example with vendors and transportation carriers, become critical for effective support of JIT systems. Co-ordinate such relationships and interactions introduces additional complexity into the system. Many companies now operate in a global environment that offers both threats and opportunities to their very survival. This global environment changes at an ever increasing rate and manufacturing organisations need to be able to adapt to those changes very quickly or they will succumb to their competitors. This paper clarifies the basic features of JIT and their benefits to organizations. The paper illustrates some advantages of using JIT system in order to emphasis the importance of adopt this system. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to advocate the JIT systems through analyse the current problems in most organizations. INTRODUCTION JIT manufacturing has the capacity, when properly adapted to the organisation, to strengthen the organisation’s competitiveness in the marketplace substantially by reducing wastes and improving product quality and efficiency of production. â€Å"JIT manufacturing is a philosophy by which an organization seeks continually to improve its products and processes by eliminating waste† (Ptak, 1997). It is a systems approach to reduce stock and eliminate waste, thus to produces only necessary items in necessary quantities at necessary times. It has been widely implemented in manufacturing industries as a survival strategy against global market competition. JIT offers various benefits, such as  greater throughput, higher productivity and better quality. In this paper, the author will start from the basic elements of JIT, and batch size discussion will be followed in section 2. Section 3 will clarify two basic methods of JIT which can be used to overcome the â€Å"local versus company-wide† dilemma. The relationship of ERP and JIT will be mentioned in Section 4. Section 5 will illustrate outcomes of JIT to a supply chain of company. 1. FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF JIT JIT composes of ten basic elements which are: Flexible resources Cellular layouts Pull production system Kanban production control Small-lot production Quick setups Uniform production levels Quality at the source Total productive maintenance Supplier network The author will illustrate each of these elements and their outcomes for JIT system. _Flexible Resources_ It is recognized as a key element of JIT which requires workers with the ability to perform more than one job and general-purpose machines with the ability to perform several basic functions. With single workers operating multiple machines, the machines themselves also required some adjustments. Extra tools and fixtures were purchased and placed at their point of use so that operators did not have to leave their stations to retrieve them when needed. The company uses of JIT system can reduce the waste of movement to other machines, setting up other machines and waiting at other machines can also be eliminated. _Cellular layouts_ It creates manufacturing cells that comprise of dissimilar machines brought together to manufacture a family of parts. The layout of machines within the cell resembles a small assembly line and is usually U-shaped. Work is moved within the cell which in normally in one direction and experiences little waiting. In a one-person cell, the cycle time of the cell is determined by the time it takes for the worker to complete his or her path through the cell. It means even different items produced may take different time to complete; the time between successive items leaving the cell remains virtually the same because the worker’s path remains the same. _Pull system_ It emphasizes the supermarket approach and relies on customer requests to pull products/components through the system. Workers take only those parts or materials they need and can process immediately. The system avoids overproduction and; only necessary quantities are produced. _Kanban Production Control System_ â€Å"Kanban is a ‘pull’ system which is driven by the demand at the lowest point in the chain.†(Christopher, p186, 1998) A kanban contains such information as part number, description, type of container, unit load, preceding  station, and subsequent station. In a Kanban system the aim would be to produce only that quantity needed for immediate demand. It provides a simple and understandable process, quick and precise information with lower cost, avoid overproduction and delegate the responsibilities to line workers. _Small-lot production_ It requires less space and capital investment. Incorporate the production of small amounts at a time can allow processes to be moved closer together and transportation between stations can be simplified. The quality problems are easier to detect in small-lot production. Lower inventory levels make processes more dependent on each other. In short, small-lot production will help people to discover the errors and solve the problems quickly. _Quick Setups_ It incorporates a system called SMED (single minute exchange of dies) that focuses on the principles for quick set-ups. The system differentiates between internal and external set-up, where internal set-up can be performed only when the machine is stopped, and external set-up can be performed while the machine is operating. It convert internal set-up to external set-up. _Uniform Production Levels_ It is achieved by smoothing the production requirements on the final assembly line. It aims to reduce variability through more accurate forecasts, smoothing of demand and incorporating mixed-model assembly steadying component production. _Quality at the Source_ One of the most important issues of just-in-time is quality. Just-in-time companies should follow the concept of quality at the source, or doing it right the first time throughout all areas of the organization. Just-in-time can only be successful in a company that is already producing quality goods.  A quality at the source (jidoka) program must be implemented to give workers the personal responsibility for the quality of the work they do, and the authority to stop production when something goes wrong. _Total Productive Maintenance_ It refers to the practice of preventive maintenance with the concepts of total quality – employee involvement, decisions based on data, zero defects, and a strategic focus. The goal of TPM is zero breakdowns. _Supplier Networks_ A network of reliable suppliers is also essential to JIT. An organization will reap many benefits in terms of costs and time savings by reducing the number of suppliers and improving relationships with these valued partners in the JIT manufacturing process. The company and the supplier both benefit from just in time systems. The company benefits because of reduced cost. The supplier benefits by long-term business relationships with companies as long as they continue to supply quality products on time. 2. BATCH SIZE DELEMMA Large batch size can reduce set-up cost per unit, however, the carrying cost of it must be higher due to the higher inventory. Large batch inventory may hide many quality problems and only become visible when downstream customers try to use and it does not fit. A large batch size will tend to create long waiting time delays as large jobs wait in queue behind large jobs being processed. Thus, a longer average job queuing time will result from either batch size that are too small (an excessive amount of machine time is consumed by setups), or batch size that are too large (large jobs waiting in queue behind other large jobs). It means large batch can result of a number of difficulties, including: lengthy setups, long queues at work centers, material waiting to be moved to the next operation, long distances between work centers, uneven loads from one period to the next, equipment and workers with limited flexibility, unexpected equipment failure, and large  safety stocks to cover possible scrap. Let’s consider how the JIT approach can solve some of these difficulties. â€Å"JIT philosophy the requirement is for small shipments to be made more frequently and to meet the precise time requirements of the customer.† (Christopher, p188, 1998) Smaller batch sizes are desirable because they lead to such benefits as shorter lead times, less work in process, fewer space requirements, and less scrap and rework. With all the machines located close together in the cell, material handling is greatly reduced. Moreover, control of parts flows and scheduling within the cell are simplified, as is tracking the status of jobs. Also, small batch size leads to lower inventory, which will make it easier to discover the problems. Lower inventory makes reliable continuous flow delivery. Although small batch size usually needs more money on set-up cost per unit, the carrying cost of it must be lower due to the small-lot production. 3. JIT OVERCOMES THE â€Å"LOCAL VERSUS COMPANY-WIDE† DILEMMA JIT focuses on total employee involvement, not on the local or departmental resources, This principle can be found through analyzing the two basic elements of JIT-Kaizen and Group Technology. Kaizen is the Japanese term for continuous improvement. It is both a rigorous, scientific method using statistical quality control (SQC) and an adaptive framework of organizational values and beliefs that keep workers and management alike focused on zero defects. It is a philosophy of never being satisfied with what was accomplished last week or last year. It is the team responsibility to improve current systems and procedures. Management, staff, and labor must participate. It need total employee involvement, that is, participation of every employee at every level. To be able to establish a JIT manufacturing system, every department should have some commitment to align with a common goal. The company’s top management must also support this goal in order to have resources and time allocated to developing the necessary systems and procedures. The Kaizen cycle has four steps: Establish a plan to change whatever needs to be improved. Carrying out changes on a small scale. Observe the results, Evaluate both the results and the process and determine what has been learned. Group technology seeks to improve productivity by grouping parts and products with similar characteristics into families and forming production cells with a group of dissimilar machines and processes.† The aim of group technology is to makes it possible for a firm to achieve higher levels of flexibility without increasing production costs or sacrificing product quality, thus leading to an improved competitive position for the firm. GT is the concept of exploiting similarities to achieve manufacturing and design efficiencies. For instance, the cells group dissimilar machines together to process a family of parts with similar shapes, the worked paths are given at the same time. The cycle time is also prescribed by the workers paths. The flexibility of this layout must be very much efficient. It is the group technology which makes the works independent to a department. 4. JIT SYSTEM & ERP ERP is an account-oriented information system for identifying and planning the enterprise wide resources needed to take, make, ship, and account for customers’ orders. â€Å"The use of the system has the potential to convert supply chains into demand chains in the sense that the system can now respond to known demand rather than having to anticipate that demand through a forecast.† (Christopher, p199, 1998) For many users, an ERP is a â€Å"do it all† system that performs everything from entry of sales orders to customer service The system integrated operations and reporting to initiate, monitor, and track critical activities such as order fulfilment and replenishment  processing. It is a method for the effective planning and control of all resources needed to take, make, ship and account for customers orders in a manufacturing, distribution, or service company. It attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer syste m that can serve all those different departments’ particular needs. JIT (just in time) is a philosophy based on the elimination of waste, an important component of JIT is kanbans which is a technique based on replacing material that has been used but has no forward visibility. ERP systems improve efficiency of organizations and allow for more accurate information for decision makers to utilize. In connection with JIT process, ERP systems help to flatten an organization across the entire global enterprise by identifying business areas that are not adding value. Within the pull system, the production of a certain product starts on the demand or at the request of the buyer. It has been determined that the computer is the best source for determining when an order should be placed. Companies use ERP information system can link the replenishment of product in the market place with their upstream operations and those of their suppliers through the use of shared information. The system monitors and measures all aspects of production as the order proceeds through the various steps of the production cycle. The work order provides a complete â€Å"audit trail† which will come in handy later down the road. Presently, ERP is considered the price of entry for running a business and for being connected to other enterprises in a network economy. As the business scale becomes global, and technology such as the Internet allows speedy and inexpensive communication, the use of ERP systems will be critical to an organization’s success. e-commerce and supply chain management techniques, along with JIT, will be a push toward better information systems to better manage the organization and support customers and suppliers along the supply chain. In this growing global economy, the business that provides better product with better customer service will be the business that survives the increased competitiveness. Businesses can better provide for their customers by integrating the online shopping experience with automated ERP systems. 5. JIT IN A COMPANY _Quick Response_ QR has been defined as a philosophical business umbrella, by which retailers decrease inventory levels while gaining greater customer delivery, through innovative use of technology and business partnerships. There are many tools are used to create QR environment, which include bar code, POS and EDI. Manufacturers have turned to just-in-time (JIT) as their answer to the problem of managing inventories. They look to JIT to reduce lead time, eliminate waste, produce to customer demand, and develop long-term relationships with suppliers. In turn this will help manufacturers to satisfy the customers’ requirements with minimum levels of inventory and increase productivity. Retailers, struggling for survival, also must find ways to substantially reduce their cost while improving customer service. One major coat incurred by retailers is the cost associated with carrying and handling inventory, which serves to satisfy customer demand. The volume of inventory the retailer carries is proportional to the sizes, styles, prices, models, colors, and so forth of the products and their total lead time. If lead time were zero, the inventory would be zero. Even though this is not practical, the shorter the lead time, the smaller total the inventory. Retailers are now adopting the philosophy that is referred to as Quick Response (QR). Quick response can be considered as a process that uses real-time or near-real-time signals to trigger replenishment responses in the supply chain for manufacturers or retailers. This will improve inventory turns, product allocation and replenishment times and helps retailers avoid running out of important stock. â€Å"The basic idea behind quick response (QR) is that in order to reap the advantages of time-based competition it is necessary to develop systems that are responsive and fast. Hence QR is the umbrella term for the information systems and the JIT systems that combine to provide ‘the right product in the right place at the right time.† (Christopher, p192, 1998) In short, QR is the retailer sends a replenishment order to the supplier or manufacturer via electronic data interchange (EDI). _Vendor relationship_ Companies with just in time production systems depend on suppliers to deliver quality goods on time. An organization will reap many benefits in terms of costs and time savings by reducing the number of suppliers and improving relationships with these valued partners in the JIT manufacturing process. Suppliers must deliver goods as frequently as required. Suppliers must make numerous deliveries each day in the exact quantity specified. Because of frequent deliveries, central receiving areas and warehouses are not needed. Several suppliers may combine their loads on one truck that will tour the supplier plants to pick up itmes for delivery to the customer. Meanwhile, the small warehouses could be used for frequently delivered items, and the consolidation warehouses could become load-switching points when geographic distances between supplier and customer prohibit daily deliveries. Generally materials are delivered straight to the area of the production process. The JIT approach presents a very different perspective on the relationship. The JIT purchaser-supplier relationship is one of a partnership-in-profit creation. The cooperative relationship, on the supplier’s side, insulates them from the full force of competition in the supply segment of the market chain. This is particularly noticeable when the supplier is committed to only one, or at most, a few purchasers. The buyer, on the other hand, can benefit from the non-investment and low risks of this â€Å"vertical integration†. Companies must build relationships with suppliers. The company and the supplier both benefit from just in time systems. The company benefits because of reduced cost. The supplier benefits by long-term business relationships with companies as long as they continue to supply quality products on time. CONCLUSION Hence we can see that to have a Total JIT manufacturing system, a company-wide commitment, proper materials, quality, people and equipments must always be made available when needed. In addition; the policies and procedures developed for an internal JIT structure should also be extended into the company’s supplier and customer base to establish the identification of duplication of effort and performance feedback review to continuously reduced wastage and improve quality. Reference Christopher, M., (1998), Logistics and supply chain management – strategies for reducing cost and improving service (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall. Ptak, C., 1987, MRP and Beyond: A Toolbox for Integrating People and Systems, Irwin, Chicago, IL.

Mad Blood Stirring: Vendetta in Renaissance Italy Essay

Written by Edward Muir, this powerful microhistory analyses the events during 1511 in the town of Friuli, Italy at the time of the carnival. Muir’s thesis for his book, Mad Blood Stirring comes together in separate parts throughout his introduction. Firstly, Muir attempts to establish the importance of the Venetian rule over the province and people of Friuli and its capital city, Udine. Due to its geographical location, this part of Italy was essential to the country to protect due to risk of invasion and trading posts. Muir emphasises Friuli’s larger place in the politics of Italy, as well as an important part of the European principalities developed in the early modern period. The population of Friuli faced many obstacles in their daily life, such as the Venetian wartime taxation, oppression from local lords, the strain of a mixed group of people, as well as a broad financial decline. During this time Friuli became the birthplace of the type of feud known as the vendetta, which involved a blood feud between families or factions. Particularly in Friuli politics were divided between the two major family factions of the Savorgnan family and the Della Torre family. With all these different factors contributing to the wide scale outbreak of violence, Muir takes them all into consideration while conducting a systematic analysis of the social structure, economy, institutional and political history, and particularly the riot at the carnival of 1511. Overall, Muir sets out to answer the question of why the carnival was so explosive and what caused its events to be so cruel and revolting. Muir’s microhistory looks at many broad themes in its mission to examine the role of vendetta and factions in Italian and family politics, contributing to peasant revolt, the nature of the culture of population within the state and the incidents at the Carnival. To begin, Muir offers an anaylsis of the change in aristocratic behaviour from widespread uncontrolled violence to controlled duels subjecting only the two participants in harm. Next Muir attempts to explain the new workings in which Venice ruled its subject provinces such as Friuli. Also contributing to the peasants distress was the Italian wars involving imperial forces threatening to invade Friuli. Muir finally forms an understanding of the peasants revolts who wished to destroy the records of their debt and gain control over their own local affairs. By using historical methods such as narrative, social history and even anthropology in attempts to gain a â€Å"keener sense of how vendetta operated in Renaissance Italy, how factions dominated political life and how contemporaries understood their own violence† (p.12) Because of the important role vendettas have during the Renaissance in both city and family politics they appeared to be the most logical solution to failed political institutions. Muir uncovers underlying connections between the theme of the carnival, vendetta rituals and hunting traditions. Muir states the idea that the carnival massacre was the defining moment where the people of Friuli moved from the mentality of vendetta towards that of funnelled expression of anger in the form of duels. The wide range of sources used by Muir dates back to the Iliad and references feuds in the nineteenth and twentieth century, however he is always able to connect them to his Friuli situation. An important factor in analyzing Mad Blood Stirring is how the observers and participants retold their story in both written and oral history. By using a wide range of sources which mention the type of life the peasants and aristocrats were living, Muir is able to paint a colourful picture of the type of poverty and hard times many were experiencing. In Muir’s analysis of the Friulian social and political structures and their indifferences while in vendetta is based largely on the most recently available Italian historians as well as some primary sources. Through the use of his sources he is able to show that the Savorgnan taking on the duty of protecting the peasant population in Udine and attempting to build the relationship with Venice instead of diminishing it like their enemies. Although the author tries notably to give as much evidence as possible to bring forward connections regarding the carnival and the larger concept of the massacre, Muir fails to bring forward an example of who normally organizes carnivals and what carnivals are generally like in Udine. In order to consciously recognize this carnival as one that went horribly wrong, an comparison between two would make a far better justification as to why this carnival was so notable. In another example of Muir failing to fully justify his thesis, he states the carnival was one of the main instigators of the massacre in 1511, however his evidence to support this claim is very thin and questionable. Although Muir is excellent in his collection of sources, when it comes to simplifications he sometimes uses to broad of a source. This leaves Muir’s claim that the pattern of killing evolved out of the carnival itself appearing not completely proven. Like almost every piece of historical work, Muir’s book has room for debate, questions and more answers.

Development Of Mughlai Cuisine Of India Architecture Essay

To analyze the impact of events on the development of Mughlai culinary art of North India and the farther Scopess to advance nutrient touristry finish. The purpose of this chapter is to supply its readers with an overview into the subject of the research. The first subdivision of this chapter would cover with the debut to the Mughal History, Imperial culinary art and Sultan ‘s etiquette. The 2nd subdivision would cover with Tourism and its societal and cultural impact on a society. The concluding subdivision would cover with the relation between Food Tourism, civilization and foodways.2.1.1 Mughal EmpireArab plunderers had established their hegemony in Sindh in western India by about AD713, but the Muslim presence merely made itself felt with the foray s of Mohammed of Ghazni from approximately AD 1000.About AD 1206 the first grand Turks, those of the slave dynasty, set up regulation in Delhi. Eleven of them in sequences gave topographic point to two from the house of Balban, six Khaljis, three Tughlaks ( including Muhammad bin Tughlak from AD 1324-51 ) , four Saiyyids and three Lodis, stretching in all for somewhat more than three hundred old ages ( Life and status of people in Hindustan,1935 ) .In 1526 the swayer Babar established the Mughal dynasty in India. He followed by Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jhan and Aurangzeb. The Mughal period was unusually good documented. Both the emperors Babar and Jahangir were brilliant diary keepers and Akbar ‘s matter were circumstantially chronicled in the Ain-i-Akbari [ 1 ] and Akbar-Name by his tribunal historian Abu Fazal. From the clip of Jahangir and thenceforth, a series of travellers from Europe left graphic impressionistic histories of the swayers and the people of India. To the slightly ascetic Hindu dining atmosphere the Muslims brought refined and courtly etiquette of both group of both group and single dining, and of sharing nutrient in family. Food points native to India were enriched with nuts, raisins, spices and ghee. These included meat and rice dishes ( Palao [ 2 ] ) , dressed meat ( Kabab [ 3 ] ) , stuffed points ( Samosas [ 4 ] ) , sweets ( Halva [ 5 ] , stewed fruit ) and sweetened drinks ( Falooda [ 6 ] , Sherbet [ 7 ] ) . New dishes enriched the culinary art of the wheat finely grounded meat ( Halim [ 8 ] , Harisa [ 9 ] ) , or the frozen Kulfi [ 10 ] , a rich ice pick of Khoa [ 11 ] , or Jalebi [ 12 ] . Muslims influenced both the manner and substance of Indian nutrient.2.1.2 The Sultan ‘s etiquetteMubarak Ali in his book ‘Mughal Darbar ‘ ( 1993 ) has written a great trade to about the dining imposts of the Delhi Sultans, which were possibly alone to Muslims royalty in India. A certain rite of formality was observed: Before the dinners begins, the Chamberlain [ 13 ] bases at the caput of the dinners rug ( Simat [ 14 ] ) and performs the bow ( Khidmat [ 15 ] ) in the way of grand Turk ; and all present do the same. The khidmat in India consists of bowing down to the articulatio genus as in supplications. After this the people would sit down to eat, and so they are bought gold, Ag and glass cups filled with all right sugar H2O perfumed with rose-water which they call sherbert. After they have taken the sherbert, the Chamberlain calls out Bismillah [ 16 ] . Then all begin to eat. At the terminal of the dinner, jugs of barley-drink ( Fuqqa [ 17 ] ) are brought ; and when these have been consumed, betel foliages and nuts are served. After the people have taken the betel and nuts, the Chamberlain calls out Bismillah, whereupon all stand up and bow in the same manner as earlier. Then they retire. Two types of dinners were held in the royal castle, A private dinners is the 1 that sultan attends. It is his manner to eat along with those who are present and those whom he calls for the intent, such as the particular amir's [ 18 ] – the caput Chamberlain ( amirhajib ) , the grand Turks paternal cousins, Imad-ul-mulk Sartez and maestro ofA ceremonials ( amir-i-majlis ) – and those out of the a'izza ( ‘The Honourables ‘ ) A and great emir ‘s whom he wants to honor and idolize. Occasionally, when he is declined to honor any one from among present, he takes a home base, puts staff of life on it and gives it to him. The latter receives it: and puting the home base on his left manus, he bows with his right manus touching the land. Sometimes the Sultan sends something from that repast to one absent from it, and the latter excessively bows like the one nowadays and sits down to eat it along with those that be in his company. The figure Lords go toing these private dinners ne'er exceeded 20. It has been remarked that such long jovialities in the company of Lords served to throw them into Sultans Company, and therefore maintain them out of problem. The public dinners are brought from the kitchen led by the castle officers, who call out Bismillah ; and they are headed by the main castle officer. He holds in his manus a gold Mace and is accompanied by his deputy who carries a Ag Mace. Equally shortly as they enter the 4th gate and those in the council-hall hear the call, all stand up and none remain seated, the grand Turk entirely is excepted. When the dishes are served on the floor, the castle of officers stand up in rows, their heads standing in forepart. He makes a discourse in which he praises the grand Turk and eulogizes him ; so he bows to him and in the same mode bow all those present in the council-hall whether large or little. Their usage is that anyone who hears the call of main castle officer ( naqib-un-nuquba [ 19 ] ) stops immediately, if walking and remains in his topographic point if he happens to be standing and none can travel until the discourse is over. Then his deputy excessively makes a similar discourse and bows ; and so make the castle officers and all the people in the 2nd clip. Then all the people take their seats ; and the gate secretaries draft a study informing the Sultan that the nutrient has been brought, even though he is cognizant of that. The study is handed over to a male child from one of the malik ‘s boy appointed for this intent and he takes the message to the Sultan who, on reading it, appoints whosoever he likes from among the great emir ‘s to oversee the seating and eating of the people. Mubarak Ali in his book ‘Mughal Darbar † ( 1993 ) has stated some about the seating besides: The usage at that point of clip was that the Judgess ( Qazis [ 20 ] ) , speechmakers ( Khatibs [ 21 ] ) and legal experts ( Shorfa [ 22 ] ) sit on a rug ( simat ) : and so come the grand Turk relatives, the great emir ‘s and the remainder of the people. But none sits expect at his appointive topographic point ; and therefore there is perfectly no confusion amongst them. All holding so their representative seats, the cup bearerA ( Shurbdariya [ 23 ] ) who give the keeping in their custodies gold, Ag, Cu and glass vass filled with refined sugar dissolved in H2O, which they drink at dinner. Everyone had before him, a set of all the assorted dishes consisting the dinner, which he eats entirely ; and no one portions his home base with another. When they finish eating, the drink ( Fuqqa ) is served in pewter tankards ; and every bit shortly as the people take it the Chamberlains call out Bismillah. At that clip the piece garnering stands up, and the emir ‘s oversing the banquet bows, and they bow excessively ; so they retire.The dinners were held twice a twenty-four hours – 1 in the morning and the other in the afternoon.2.1.3 Kings drink‘Any Muslim who drinks ( vino ) is punished with 80 chevrons, and is shut up in a matamore ( cell ) for 3 months, which is opened merely at the clip of repast ‘ . So says the Quran ( Chapter 6 ) . However there is no uncertainty that imbibing was really common among the grand Turks and the aristocracy. For the Mughals vino had a strong attractive force. Babar had periodic fitsA A of abstention, when he would interrupt up his flagons and goblets of gold and Ag and give away the pieces, merely to restart imbibing and the usage of bhang, after stating himself ( P.N. Chopra,1963, Society and Culture in Mughal India. ) . Akbar, harmonizing to the Jesuit Father Monserate, seldom drank vino, proffering bhang. He enforced prohibition in his tribunal, but relaxed regulations for European travellers because ‘they are born in the component of vino, as fresh fish are produced in H2O†¦ and to forbid them the usage of it is to strip them of their life ‘ ( J.S.Hoyland and, and S.banerjeeA 1922, The Cemetery of Father Monserrate ) . Of his boies, Daniyal and Murad both died immature due to inordinate imbibing. His other boy Jahangir was much addicted, but did non imbibe on Thursdays and Fridays ( Nicclao Manucci, Storio de Mogor 1653-1708, trans William Irvine ) . However at terminal of his government Jahangir would absorb 20 cups of dual distilled spirits daily, 14 during the twenty-four hours and the remainder at dark ( P.N. Chopra,1963, Society and Culture in Mughal India. ) . Shah Jahan drank but ne'er beyond the bounds of decency. The following emperor Aurangzeb was of class rigorous teetotaller who in 1668 issued terrible prohibition order to all his topics, Hindus and Muslim likewise. To do this spirits, arak or rice sprit was put into empty barrel that had contained vino from Europe. The settlings of other barrels were besides added, together with H2O and Sweet sugar. After eight saddle horses, the clear liquid savoring something like white vino. Another vino was made by immersing rosins in rice sprit for 3 to 4 yearss, striving and so keeping the liquid in an empty barrel for 6 to 8 months ; an infusion of day of the months was sometimes added for sugariness and spirit ( William Foster, Early Travels in India 1583-1619 ) .A A A A A A A A2.1.4 The Imperial culinary artBabar is said to hold lived in India for merely 4 A? old ages after suppressing. He lamented fact that this state had ‘no grapes ‘ , musk melons or first rate fruits, no ice cold H2O, no staff of life or cooked nutrient in bazars ( A.S.Beveridge, trans. Babur-nama, 1922 ) . He commented most judiciously on the vegetations and zoologies that he foremost encountered in this new state. He c ommented that chironji [ 24 ] is â€Å" a thing between the Prunus dulcis and the walnut, and non so bad † .He besides described the fish from Hindustan as really savory and that they had no smell or tediousness ( intending likely deficiency of castanetss ) . But bosom Babar remained an foreigner to Indian nutrient. His boy Humayun nevertheless was much more â€Å" Indianized † . Humayun even gave up carnal flesh for some months when he started his run to retrieve the throne, and make up one's minding after some contemplation, that beef was non a nutrient for devout ( J.S.Hoyland and, and S.banerjeeA , The Cemetery of Father Monserrate, , 1922 ) . . Akbar did non like meat and took it merely seasonally ‘to conform to the sprit of the age ‘ ( P.N. Chopra, Society and Culture in Mughal India,1963 ) . He abstained from meat at first of all Fridays, later on Sundays besides, so on first twenty-four hours of every solar month, so during the whole month of Fawardin [ 25 ] ( March ) , and eventually during his berth month of Aban [ 26 ] ( November ) . He started his repast with curds and rice, and preferable simple nutrient. One of travellers Father Monserate documented that Akbar ‘s tabular array was really deluxe, dwelling of more than 40 classs served in great dishes served in great dishes. These dishes were brought into the royal dining hall covered and wrapped in linen fabrics, which are tied and sealed, for the fright of toxicant ( J.S.Hoyland and, and S.banerjee, The Cemetery of Father Monserrate,1922 ) . The Ain-i-Akbari describes three categories cooked dishes. In the first, called safiyana, consumed by Akbar ‘s twenty-four hours of abstention, no meat was used. The dishes were made of rice ( zard-birinj [ 27 ] , khushka [ 28 ] , khichri [ 29 ] and sheer-birinj [ 30 ] ) , wheat ( chikhi [ 31 ] , basically the amylum of the rice isolated by rinsing and so seasoned ) , pigeon peas [ 32 ] , palak droop [ 33 ] , halwa, sherbert etc. The 2nd category comprised those in which both meat and rice were employed ( like Palao, Biryani [ 34 ] , Shulla [ 35 ] and Shurba [ 36 ] ) , or meat and wheat ( Harisa, Halim and Kashk [ 37 ] ) A .The 3rd category was that in which meat was cooked in ghee, spices, curd, eggs etc. These dishes in due class of clip came to be known as Yakhni [ 38 ] , Kabab, Do-Pyazza [ 39 ] , Musallam [ 40 ] , Dampukth [ 41 ] , Qaliya [ 42 ] and Malghuba [ 43 ] . Bread in this clip was either thick, made from wheat flour and baked in an oven ; or thin, and bake on Fe ho me bases utilizing dough of either wheat or khushka. Natural stuff came from assorted topographic points ; A rice from Bharaijj, Gwalior, Rajori and Nimlah, ghee [ 44 ] from Hissar, ducks, water bird and certain veggies from Kashmir, and fruits from across the north western boundary lines every bit good as from all over the state. Though Jahangir, unlike his male parent, enjoyed eating meat, and particularly the animate beings of the pursuit, he kept his male parent agenda of abstention, adding Thursday to them, that being the twenty-four hours of birth of his boy Akbar. He banned the slaughter of animate beings on Thursday and Sundays. He seemed to hold left fish wholly and preferred a khichri called lazizan, made of rice cooked with pulsations, ghee, spices and nuts on the yearss of abstention from flesh. Another of his favourites was Falooda, jelly made from the straining of poached wheat, assorted with fruit juices and pick ( P.N. Chopra, Society and Culture in Mughal India, 1963 ) . Aurangzeb boy of Jahangir on the other manus was a Spartan. Tavernier says that no animate being passed his lips: he go ‘thin and thin ‘ to which the great fasts that he kept hold contributed†¦ he merely drank a small H2O, and ate small measure of millet staff of life.Besides that he slept on the land with merely a tiger ‘s tegument over him ( P.N. Chopra, Society and Culture in Mughal India, 1963 ) .2.2. TourismTourism today is one the fastest turning sectors in the planetary economic system. It is besides one ofthe largest sectors in the universe economic system doing of all time increasing parts to planetary end product and employment.In 2008, international tourer reachings grew by 2 % to 924 million, up 16 million over 2007. Analysts further predict that the tourer reachings will touch 1.6 billion by the twelvemonth 2020. Tourism is one of the largest income generators for an economic system and is turning at a really rapid gait. Growth in touristry besides translates into indirect growing and impact on assorted other sectors of the economyA ( Farooquee, N.A. et Al ( 2008 ) ‘ Environmental and Socio-Cultural Impacts of River Rafting and Camping on Ganga in Uttarakhand Himalaya ‘ ) .2.2.1 IntroductionService industry has gained utmost potency in the past two decennaries and is now one of the chief industries for societal and economic growing of any part. This growing has bought along with itself an addition in the planetary end product and assorted employment chances. One of the of import constituents of the service sector is touristry sector. The World Tourism Organization defines touristry as â€Å" The activities of individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern and other intent † ( Commission of the European Communities et al. , 2001 ) . Tourism incorporates both touchable and intangible elements of service sector. Tourism has evolved over clip ( six decennaries about ) and has been go oning turning and diversifying in order to go the fastest and the largest turning economic sectors in the universe. Tourism has been booming at an exponential rate thereby advancing and researching new finishs and in some instances going the chief driver of the economic system. In some the underdeveloped states it is one of the chief income bring forthing sector and besides the figure one in export class at that place by bring forthing employment on a larger graduated table. The travel and touristry industry is undergoing a transmutation as the significance of this industry is unveiled by most states.2.2.2 HISTORY OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELLERS:Tourism has been apparent throughout the ages. It has merely taken a major leap in the past few decennaries and has become a major portion of the economic system. Ancient age travel was largely an unconscious matter. Travel was chiefly an result of trade and other commercialism activities. In other words, earlier traveller can be regarded as a merchandiser looking for goods and merchandises and prosecuting in trade and commercialism. States like India and China have attracted travellers from all over the ancient universe. This tendency continued ensuing in geographic expedition of different finishs by the Europeans particularly heading towards Indian shores for the exclusive intent of trade and commercialism. The impulse to research new lands and to seek new cognition in antediluvian and distant lands was yet another motivation of travelers in subsequent periods. Traveling that took topographic point during the Middle Ages was largely for spiritual intents. The pattern for going for spiritual intents became a good established usage in many parts of the universe. Romans were known for going during this epoch and wherever they went, there existed a all right web of roads. Tourism gained impulse every bit shortly as alterations like the mental attitudes towards pleasance, instruction based travel ; addition in disposal income, need for a interruption from the humdrum work agenda etc took topographic point. For about the first one-fourth of the twentieth century pleasance travel was merely for the privileged 1s of the society holding free clip in manus every bit good as significant buying power. Numerous travel associations were formed during this clip of the century who organized trips and holidaies for in-between category and their households. However, it was the twentieth century where a alteration was witnessed in the whole touristry scenario particularly from an international position for different intents like wellness, concern, diversion or spiritual intents which led authoritiess to publish passports and visas and take enterprises to their citizens abroad. Increase in touristry has been good for the full universe linking all the finishs to one a nother. However, there have been jobs associated with developing states where the authorities capacity is limited and tourist Numberss are increasing. These states rely extremely on touristry and are badly affected when touristry is discouraged on the evidences of condemnable activities and safety and security issues. â€Å" These issues and many more like the environmental issues have grown as international touristry reachings have soared to over 800 million yearly. By 2020 that figure is expected to be over 1.6 billion † ( World Trade Organization, 1997 ) . Despite these factors, touristry development opens doors to assorted employment chances for the underdeveloped states.2.2.3 IMPACTS OF TOURISMTourism is amongst the fastest and most diverse sectors of the economic system. It has been a focal point of many authoritiess, particularly for developing economic systems, to seek and develop touristry as one of the most attractive sectors of the domestic economic system. Tourism constant ly impacts every part, civilization, people, state etc that it touches. These impacts are an challenging mix of the good and the bad for the part. Governments have to do a trade off between the advantages offered by touristry and the negative impacts brought in by it. Ming dynasties and Chulikpongse ( 1994 ) have noted touristry ‘s function as an agent of alteration, conveying countless impacts on regional economic conditions, societal establishments and environmental quality.A The impacts of touristry can be categorized into the undermentioned parts i.e. Economic Impacts, Socio-Cultural Impacts and Environmental Impacts.2.2.3. Economic Impact:In most instances, economic benefits lead to the focussed growing of touristry as a sector in any state. Today, touristry is one of the universe ‘s first beginnings of export net incomes, if planetary touristry income and international transit grosss are included.Harmonizing to Keiko Noji ( 2001 ) , Governments focal point on touri stry development as it presents the easy path to roll uping and increasing the foreign militias, making occupations and lending to over all economic growing. Private sector, which brings commercial addition to the state, is a taking force in the touristry industry. In many instances, foreign capital dominates the domestic and international market and touristry outgo goes outside of the state. There are possible positive and negative impacts of such touristry development.2.2.3.1 Fiscal:Tourism helps the host community earn assorted monetary additions in the signifier growing in the foreign exchange militias, Gross Domestic Product, growing in regional commercial endeavors and for persons every bit good. For e.g. the part of Travel & A ; Tourism to Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) ofIndiahas been forecasted to stay changeless at 6.1 % in 2008 to 6.1 % in 2018. Besides, Export net incomes from international travellers and touristry goods contributed 6.7 % of entire exports in 2008, and it is anticipated that this will lift to 4.4 % of sum in 2018 ( Beginning: World Travel & A ; Tourism Council 2008 ) .A A2.2.3.2 Employment Opportunity:Tourism development in a part leads to the more employment chances and higher pay rates for work forces and adult females and entree to better developing for employees. Lee ( 1996 ) studied the economic effects of touristry in New Zealand and concluded that touristry performed better than most industries in bring forthing employment and revenue enhancement grosss and performed reasonably good in administering income among household income categories. Cukier-Snow and Wall ( 1994 ) besides examined touristry employment growing in Bali, reasoning an addition in the employment of adult females. The part of the Travel & A ; Tourism Economy to employment â€Å"in Indiais expected to lift from 30,491,000 occupations in 2008, 6.4 % of entire employment, or 1 in every 15.6 occupations to 39,615,000 occupations, 7.2 % of entire employment or 1 in every 13.8 occupations by 2018 † ( Source: World Travel & A ; Tourism Council 2008 ) . The assets associated with touristry overpower the negatives it brings with it. However, negative impacts associated with touristry can non be ignored. The employment is frequently parttime and low paid. The skilled places are occupied by foreign subjects and hence there is disparity in the income distribution form frequently associated with leakages.A2.2.3.3 Servicess:Tourism creates growing chances in a part. It leads to the creative activity of new installations, public-service corporations and diversion installations that would non hold been possible or financially feasible to supply in the community. Tourist outlooks can take to better service by local stores, eating houses, and other concern operators and enterprisers. The tourer traffic in a community leads to break installations such as fire section, constabulary, and wellness services which besides benefits the local occupants. However, long-established and conventional services may be forced out or relocated due to competit ion with tourer involvements. Water, power, fuel, and other deficits may be experienced because of increased force per unit area on the substructure.2.2.3.4 Others:Other economic impacts of touristry includes enlargement of the economic base ( i.e. , variegation ) , Inter-sectoral linkage and Multiplier effects, growing of entrepreneurshipA as merchandises and services can be locally produced by touristry related and other concern, creative activity and growing of substructure installations, improvement of societal services and encouragement of regional development in developing countries. The most profound impact that touristry has on the host economic system is through the development and growing of substructure in the domestic state.2.2.4 SOCIO CULTURAL IMPACTS:Tourism can be act as either an international peace shaper and can assist in understanding or it can be a destructive force assailing different civilizations, ecology, and local communities ( Mirbabayev. B, Shagazatova. M ) . Therefore, development of a tourer finishs and its associated comfortss and benefits require a elaborate program in order to accomplish victory over the negativeness associated with it, particularly in developing states where conserving and developing the quality of life of local populations is disputing. The societal and cultural deductions of touristry necessitate thorough and elaborate deliberations, as effects can either interpret into long term benefits or hurts to communities. A state ‘s civilization and societal environment is highly vulnerable and therefore it needs protect ion and saving, as touristry is an gnawing force of modernisation. ( Hing. N, Dimmock. K, 1997 )2.2.4.1 Cultural Impacts:Local civilization of a part or state is the focal point for pulling tourers to the part. Though the local sculpture, music, dance, culinary art, vesture, handcrafts and traditional imposts, ceremonials and folklore are a beginning of attractive force, touristry can take to commercialisation and abuse of these really assets. This will farther take to the impairment, debasement and eventually the disappearing and the local civilization. Some of the customary activities of a part may look absurd to the tourers may take the tourers to oppose and derogative activities against the local civilization ( Xavier, 2001 ) . Cultural facets of host parts act as tourer drawing cards, but are at the same time vulnerable to socialization. Though it has a negative impact on the local traditions, assorted writers have studied that it can help in the saving procedure. Harmonizing to a survey carried out by Teye, touristry can lend to greater understanding between North and South Africa by developing cultural touristry which promotes host-guest experiences and non than superficial brushs, ( Hing. N, Dimmock. K, 1997 ) . In another instance survey on the impacts of touristry on the Khajuraho temple inIndia, it is stated that touristry can convey economic alleviation and prosperity to local community, with minimum socio-cultural costs. ( Hing. N, Dimmock. K, 1997 )2.2.5.2 Social Impacts:Social interface amid tourers and local community may ensue in common grasp, apprehension, credence, consciousness and acquisition. It gives the host community a large encouragement in assurance and regard, and reduces biass and abolishes preconceived impressions and perceptual experiences. Local communities are benefited through part by touristry to the betterment of the societal substructure for illustration development of roads, Parkss, museums, wellness attention establishments, cyberspace coffeehouse etc. Robinson ( 1999 ) , states that there is no grounds that proves that touristry is conveying different civilizations together. Tourism can increase tenseness, ill will, and intuition. Tourism has an inauspicious impact on the traditional patterns, the perceptual experience of the occupants. Unbalanced population constructions, supplanting of local people, a negative behaviour by visitants toward occupants and an inauspicious consequence on the overall community life. Assorted surveies have been carried out to find that an addition in touristry has a direct impact on the addition in offense rate of a finish, as most frequently tourers are the victims to these condemnable Acts of the Apostless ( McElroy, Tarlow & A ; Carlisle, 2007 ) . Tourism can and frequently does take to jobs such as harlotry, alcohol addiction, chancing and drug trafficking. There are few tourist finishs immune to this job ( Noji.K, 2001 ) . Hence it is highly indispensable to advance touristry in the part while guaranting that it provides both incomes every bit good as generates respect for the local tradition and civilization.2.3 Food TourismFood Tourism is all approximately nutrient as a topic and medium, finish and vehicle, for touristry. It is about persons researching nutrients new to them every bit good as utilizing nutrient to research new civilization and ways of being. It is about groups utilizing nutrient to ‘sell ‘ their histories and to build marketable and publicly attractive individualities, and it is about persons fulfilling wonder. Finally it is about sing of nutrient in a manner that is out of the ordinary, that stairss outside the normal modus operandi to detect difference and the power of nutrient to stand for a nd negociate the difference. Folklorist, nutrient bookmans and nutrient aficionados have long fascinated by occasions of explorative eating- cases of eating the new, the unfamiliar, the alien- and by the institutional cookery books and folklife festivals. These occasions and include assortment of nutrient related behaviors and reflect complex web of cultural, societal, economic and aesthetic systems every bit good as single penchants. The definition of what constitutes adventuresome feeding is a contextual 1 that depends on the position and motives of the feeder. The writer states that the intent of nutrient touristry as a model is to seek together the impression of position and assortment of cases in which a foodways is considered representative of the other. Lucy M Long ( 2007 ) defines nutrient touristry as the international as the international, explorative engagement in the foodways another-participation including the ingestion, readying and presentation of nutrient points, culinary art, repast system or eating manner considered to a culinary system that no 1 owns. This definition accent on the person as an active agent in building significance within a tourer experience and it allows for an aesthetic response to nutrient as a portion of the experience. Exploration and internationalism define these cases as touristry. Valence Smith ( 1989 ) defines a tourer as a temporarily leisured individual who voluntarily visits a topographic point off from place for the intent of sing a alteration. The culinary tourer participates for the intent of sing a alteration in foodways non simply hungriness. Nelson Graburn ( 1989 ) proposed that for the tourer to see is a journey from profane to the sacred as a manner to embroider and addA significance to 1s life. The tourer experience offers non merely new civilizations and new sights, but besides a new manner of comprehending those sights and these new manner finally heighten an person. Johan Urry ( 1990 ) developed this impression of touristry as quantitative class of experience, specifying it as a sort of sing he refers to as a â€Å" tourer regard † . This regard is different from â€Å" every twenty-four hours looking † in that it attends to difference. It notices contrast and peculiarity, it shifts the ordinary action and objects out of the ordinary universe enable Trapa bicornis and promoting viewing audiences to rcognise their power as symbols, amusement and art.2.4 Authenticity and Culinary Tourism in Mughlai Restaurants across Delhi and AgraFood touristry has long been linked with genuineness in Mughlai eating houses across Delhi and Agra. Lifestyle magazines such as Gourmet and Travel & A ; Leisure reveal the connexion between nutrient and touristry. On the other side , backpacker ushers like the Lonely PlanetA ever include subdivisions on local nutrients and where to eat while going. As these magazines demonsterate nutrient and touristry go manus in manus. But when feeding is touristry, a whole new theoretical model arises. Culinary touristry, the geographic expedition of foreign foodways as a representative of an otherA provides a model for interrogating the assorted intersections between touristry and foodways ( Long, 1998 ) . The term authensity has been widely used to analyze both foodways and touristry, it can besides be applied within the frame work of culinary touristry to hold a better understanding about societal kineticss, peculiarly the procedure of individuality building and proof, that by and large accompany the escapades in eating.A Cultural eating house are a good illustration how dinning constitutions have come under the tourer regard and how dining constitutions have become a tourer patterns. Eating where the eating house is described as a signifier of individuality work â€Å" a theatre for thought and forging a ego † ( Shelton 1990 ) . An cultural eating house is a symbolic phase upon which the geographic expedition of the alien, facilitated through the construct of genuineness becomes an look of individuality.2.4.1 Authenticity a praradoxAuthenticity has been categorized as a plastic word that â€Å" have come to intend so much that they truly intend really small while however less signaling importance and power † ( Bendix,1992 ) . â€Å" Authenticity measures the grade to hex something is more or less what is ought to be. It is therefore a norm of some kind. But is it an subjective norm, emerging somehow from the cusine itself? Or is it an experimental norm, reflecting some imposed gastronomic criterion? If it is an subjective norm, who is its aythoritative voice: The professional cook? The mean consumer? The glutton? The homemaker? If it is an imposed norm, who is its privileged voice: the cognoscente alien nutrient? The tourer? The ordinary Participants in a adjacent culinary art? The cultivated feeder from distant one? . † Arjun Appadurai ( 1986 ) Appaduraj above inquiries the lineation of the basic argument over genuineness: where it is locatedA and by what authorization is it judged? . Appadurai believes the above term should non be applied to culinary system at all, as it can non account for the in avoidable that occurs in civilization and their culinary art.2.4.2 Mughal Influence on Indian FoodThe culinary art of India is every bit huge as its people. Each and everyA group has its ain typical nutrient penchants along with their different civilization. India has witnessed several invasions from Arab, Central Asia, the Mughal Empire and Persia in its early yearss. These invasions had a great influence on Indian nutrient. The Muslims from western Asia brought the Mughlai culinary arts to India in the fifteenth century when Mughal swayers conquered a big part of India. During the Mughal dynasty, these dishes were prepared for the Mughal Emperors for elegant dining with dry fruits and nuts. The cordial reception of sharing of nutrient with others in Mughal courtly society helped India to absorb it as its ain. Mughlai culinary art is one of the most richest, popular and munificent culinary arts in the state. These are pretty spicy and have alone aroma. The cookery method includes tonss of milk and pick with alien spices, nuts and dried fruits to do it rich and spicy. Biryani, Korma and Palau are some of the celebrated Mughlai culinary art. The Mughal influence on Indian nutrient supported the development of Indian nutrient to a great extent. The Mughlai culinary art full of rich gravies and non-vegetarian nutrients such as kabobs, along with the fruits like apricots, Prunus persicas, plums and melons contoured the construction of the Indian nutrient while offering it a distinguishable dimension. Each of the Muslim swayers offered something or the other to do Indian nutrient the assortment of spice, gustatory sensation, nip and spirit. The narrative of success Mughlai nutrient is still go oning via the agencies of ethinic and some new eating houses which still serve Mughlai nutrient. It still remains as one of the most of import portion in Indian culinary manner in any eating house across India. Although, Mughlai culinary arts are available in all parts of the state, but Delhi and Agra are the best topographic point for this royal culinary art. In this present scenario, the Mughlai influence on Indian nutrient reflects the local cookery manners in it. The culinary arts available in Delhi and Agra are nevertheless are the combination Indo-Persian manner and typical North Indian spices like Cuminum cyminum, Chinese parsley, cardamon, cinnamon, turmeric and land chilies. Whereas in Hyderabad, curry foliages, hot chilies, mustard seeds, Tamarindus indica and coconut milk are added to these culinary arts to give them a local spirit.2.5 Mention2.5.1 BooksK.MA AshrafA ( 1935 ) , A Life and status of people in Hindustan,2n dA edition. New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal. pp 118-19 and pp 158-63M.S.Radhawa ( 1982 ) , A History of agribusiness in India, Indian council of agribusiness research, vol. 2, New DelhiP.N. Chopra ( 1963 ) , Society and Culture in Mughal India, 2nd edition, Agra. Shiv Lal Agarwala and Co. ( Pvt ) Ltd. p. 51 and 257J.S.Hoyland and, and S.Banerjee ( 1922 ) , A The Cemetery of Father Monserrate, India. Oxford University Press. p.199Nicclao Manucci, Storio de Mogor 1653-1708, trans William Irvine, John Murrary ( 1980 ) , vol.1, London. p.219Abul Fazal, The Ain-i-Akbari, trans H.Blochmann ( 1871 ) , New Delhi. Abul, Aadiesh Book Depot, repr.1965. pp. 57-78William Foster, Early Travels in India 1583-1619, New Delhi. S.chand and Co, repr 1968. pp. 60-121A.S.Beveridge ( trans. ) , Babar nama ( 1922 ) , New Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Pp. 645 and 687.Mubarak Ali, Mughal Darbar ( 1992 ) , Lahore, Nigarshat, .6 Sethi. V ( C1051 )